What vaccines does every dog need?

Core vaccines recommended for all dogs include distemper, parvovirus, adenovirus (infectious canine hepatitis), and rabies. These are considered essential regardless of lifestyle. Non-core vaccines like Bordetella, leptospirosis, Lyme, and canine influenza are given based on your dog's individual risk factors -- your vet will advise which apply to your dog.

How many vaccines does a puppy need before going outside?

Puppies have some protection from maternal antibodies early on, but they're not fully protected until they've completed their puppy vaccine series, typically finishing at 16 weeks or older. Many vets recommend limiting exposure to unknown dogs and high-traffic dog areas until the series is complete, while still allowing socialization in lower-risk settings. Ask your vet for specific guidance for your puppy's situation.

Do indoor dogs really need vaccines?

Yes -- rabies vaccination is legally required in most jurisdictions regardless of whether a dog goes outside, because rabies risk is not zero even for indoor pets. Core vaccines for distemper and parvovirus are also recommended for indoor dogs, since these pathogens can be carried in on shoes and clothing. Your vet can advise on which non-core vaccines apply based on your dog's actual exposure risk.

Can my dog be vaccinated if they are sick?

Generally, vets recommend postponing non-emergency vaccinations if a dog is currently ill, since the immune system needs to be working well to mount an effective vaccine response, and the stress of illness combined with vaccination can sometimes cause reactions. If a vaccination appointment falls during an illness, it's usually rescheduled to when your dog has recovered.

What is a titer test and when is it useful?

A titer test is a blood test that measures the level of antibodies to a specific disease in your dog's bloodstream. It can be used to assess whether a dog still has protective immunity from a prior vaccination, rather than automatically giving a booster on a fixed schedule. Titer testing is most commonly discussed for core vaccines like distemper and parvovirus. It adds cost compared to simply revaccinating, but may be useful for dogs with health conditions that make frequent vaccination more complicated, or for owners who want a more individualized approach.

Dog Vaccination Schedule | PetCalculator

Core vaccines protect every dog against serious diseases, while non-core vaccines depend on lifestyle and risk. Here is an overview of typical puppy and adult schedules -- and why your vet tailors them to your individual dog.